[{"pid":"wsl:37116","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:37116","citation":{"WSL":"Aghayeva D.N., Sathyapala S., Isgandarli E.A., Prospero S. (2024) Chestnut blight in Azerbaijan: current situation and prospects for disease control. Plant & Fungal Res. 7(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.30546/2664-5297.2024.7.1.45"},"doi":"10.30546/2664-5297.2024.7.1.45","abstract":"Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, was officially found in Azerbaijan in 2004. Currently, the disease is widespread and causes severe damage in seven out of eight forest districts where sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) is native. Studies conducted in 2015 and 2023 showed that the local fungal population is dominated by a single vegetative compatibility type which is also widespread in neighboring Georgia. All 296 sampled and analysed bark cankers were caused by virus-free C. parasitica strains suggesting that the hypovirulence-inducing virus CHV1 is still not present in Azerbaijan. Here we discuss the possibility of artificially introducing this virus in the Azerbaijani C. parasitica population by treating virulent cankers with CHV1-infected fungal strains. "},{"pid":"wsl:37739","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:37739","citation":{"WSL":"Blaser S., Hoelling D., Ruffner B., Brockerhoff E., Marazzi C., Mattei G., … Beenken L. (2024) First record of the invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1875) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and its fungal associates in Switzerland. BioInvasions Rec. 13(3), 621-636. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2024.13.3.05"},"doi":"10.3391/bir.2024.13.3.05","abstract":"In 2023, the invasive black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1875) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) was found for the first time in Switzerland. Outbreaks of this non-native species have been recorded during phytosanitary survey activities in four municipalities south of the Alps in the Canton of Ticino. Conducting genetic analyses using the mitochondrial COI barcode region, specimens found in Switzerland were identical with those from France, Italy, and Spain, suggesting a European source of invasion. So far, only ornamental plants in urban areas were found to be affected by attacks of X. compactus. However, because of the increasing proportion of broadleaved evergreen plant species, the availability of suitable host plants such as Laurus nobilis may also favour the spread of X. compactus into insubric forest systems. Three previously undescribed host plant species, Argyrocytisus battandieri, Mahonia aquifolium, and Wisteria sp., were identified. In addition, fungal isolations from adult beetles and breeding galleries revealed eight fungal species likely or potentially associated with X. compactus. These include Ambrosiella xylebori (Ascomycota: Ceratocystidaceae), the obligate ambrosia fungus of X. compactus, and a Thyridium species (Ascomycota: Thyridiaceae) that has been found as an associated fungus in previous studies."},{"pid":"wsl:38330","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:38330","citation":{"WSL":"Compagnoni C., Beenken L., Orbach J., Frey D. (2024) First report of Exobasidium gracile causing galls on Camellia sasanqua in Switzerland and in Europe. New Dis. Rep. 50(2), e70001 (3 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.70001"},"doi":"10.1002/ndr2.70001","abstract":"In May 2024, symptoms consistent with those caused by an Exobasidium species were observed on Camellia sasanqua in a private garden in the Maggia Valley, southern Switzerland (46.25°N, 8.7°E). Affected leaves became swollen, deformed, and spongy, with a light green hue and red tones, in contrast to the original dark green appearance and the leathery, coriaceous texture (Figure. 1). The galls formed due to the intercellular growth of the fungus within the leaf epidermis, causing the leaf thickness to more than double. These symptoms and the host plant C. sasanqua are in agreement with previous reports of Exobasidium gracile in Asia (Shirai, 1896; Akai, 1939; Mims et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2015). The total rainfall in May was 305.9 mm, which is higher than the mean of 189.6 mm calculated between 1991 and 2020; the temperature ranged from 10.6 – 18.7°C in May, where a temperature deviation of -1,3°C from the 1991–2020 mean was observed (Locarno Monti; Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, 2022). A month later, the leaves showed signs of rot at fungal proliferation sites (Figure. 2). As the season progressed, the cool, humid conditions favourable to Exobasidium declined (Chen et al., 2023)."},{"pid":"wsl:38213","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:38213","citation":{"WSL":"Cornejo C., Kupper Q., Queloz V. (2024) An economic and reliable PCR approach to distinguish the primary pathogens Armillaria mellea and A. ostoyae from other European Armillaria species. J. Phytopathol. 172(6), e13429 (7 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13429"},"doi":"10.1111/jph.13429","abstract":"Armillaria is a soil-borne genus of basidiomycetes whose species can cause stem and root rot in woody plants. The effects of plant-pathogenic Armillaria species are well known in forests, but are underestimated in urban areas, where cases causing damage to trees and shrubs in green spaces have been steadily increasing in Switzerland since the 1980s. In this study, we present a simple, rapid, and cost-effective protocol for high-throughput diagnostics of the two primary pathogens A. mellea and A. ostoyae based on partial PCR amplification of the RPB2 gene. The specificity and sensitivity of the presented duplex PCR-I and single-plex PCR-II were evaluated using different methods: (i) testing both PCRs on tree pathogenic or soil-borne fungi of genera other than Armillaria, (ii) using dilution series of Armillaria-DNA to determine a minimum detection limit, and (iii) sequencing the selected RPB2 region to verify the primer sequences and positions. The utility of PCR-I and PCR-II as a high-throughput method was successfully tested on 65 DNA samples of Armillaria from Switzerland. Finally, an uninvolved person compared both classical methods, pairing test and sequencing, with PCR-I and PCR-II in a blind test. This study provides a reliable and alternative protocol for the rapid diagnosis of A. mellea and A. ostoyae causing root rot of woody plants."},{"pid":"wsl:36631","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:36631","citation":{"WSL":"Cornejo C., Beenken L. (2024) Life after isolation: reconstructing the phylogenetic identity and a centennial chronology of historical Cryphonectria isolates. For. Pathol. 54(2), e12857 (13 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12857"},"doi":"10.1111/efp.12857","abstract":"Fungi of the genus Cryphonectria are of special interest to tree pathologists because they cause bark disease in numerous species of the Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Despite this special attention, several Cryphonectria species were not recognized as such for a long time. This also affected the identity of eight isolates with outdated names that have been deposited in our laboratory since 1954. The present study reconstructs the history of the Cryphonectria cultures M282–M289 using primary bibliographic sources. To verify the species identity, all isolates were DNA barcoded and taxonomic affiliation was assessed using a phylogenetic approach. The taxonomic identity combined with the history of the isolates confirms that the chestnut blight epidemic (Cryphonectria parasitica) in Spain was caused by the planting of Asian chestnuts and that the first documented case of bark canker in 1940 was caused by Cryphonectria radicalis on Japanese chestnuts imported from France. The history of isolate M289 could be traced back to CBS 165.32, which proved to be the oldest preserved isolate of the rare Cryphonectria naterciae, confirming the presence of this fungus in Europe for at least 100 years. Based on the ITS barcoding of the 32-year-old type specimen, Cryphonectria decipiens must be reclassified as a later synonym of Cryphonectria radicalis. The reconstruction of the history of isolates M282–M289 takes us on a scientific journey from Italy to France, Spain and Portugal in the early twentieth century and offers new insights into the historical context of the invasion of Cryphonectria parasitica in Europe."},{"pid":"wsl:38368","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:38368","citation":{"WSL":"Dennert F., Augustinus B.A., Ruffner B., Queloz V. (2024) Bacterial diseases: an emerging threat for Central European forest and urban trees? For. Pathol. 54(6), e70002 (20 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70002"},"doi":"10.1111/efp.70002","abstract":"Bacterial tree diseases have been mainly studied in agriculture and horticulture. For forest trees, damage due to bacterial diseases is understudied. Moreover, bacterial tree diseases often appear in the context of so-called complex diseases, which are dependent on other factors, such as multiple microorganisms, insects or abiotic factors which weaken the host. In recent years, outbreaks of bacterial tree diseases, such as Xylella fastidiosa in the Mediterranean region or acute oak decline (AOD) in the United Kingdom, raised the awareness of bacterial diseases on forest trees. In this review, we aim to summarise the current issues and available knowledge about bacterial diseases of forest trees in Central Europe. Furthermore, we identify potential bacterial pathogens that could gain importance in the future for central European forests. The methods used were a systematic literature search and the analysis of the data collected over the last 10 years on bacterial diseases by the Swiss forest protection service. We conclude that, on one side, complex bacterial diseases could increase in importance, especially considering ongoing climate change. Therefore, the bacterial community of diseased trees (the pathobiome) needs to be studied more in depth to understand the emergence of complex bacterial diseases. On the other side, host ranges of highly pathogenic invasive genera and species, such as Xylella, need to be investigated experimentally for common central European tree species and varieties, to implement proactive risk management strategies against bacterial diseases in forest trees. Finally, urban trees and green spaces should be monitored more closely, as they could serve as starting points for bacterial disease outbreaks in forests, similarly to other emerging diseases and pathogens."},{"pid":"wsl:37735","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:37735","citation":{"WSL":"EFSA Panel on Plant Health, Bragard C., Baptista P., Chatzivassiliou E., Di Serio F., Jaques Miret J.A., … Gonthier P. (2024) Commodity risk assessment of maple veneer sheets from Canada. EFSA Journal. 22(7), e8892 (140 pp.). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8892"},"doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8892","abstract":"The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to deliver a risk assessment on the likelihood of pest freedom from Union quarantine pests and pests subject to measures adopted pursuant to Article 30 of Regulation (EU) No 2016/2031 for the maple veneer sheets manufactured according to the process set out by Canada, with emphasis on the freedom from Davidsoniella virescens and Phytophthora ramorum (non-EU isolates). The assessment was conducted for veneer sheets of up to 0.7 mm and up to 6 mm thickness, taking into account the different phases in the veneer production in a systems approach. Some of those phases, taken alone, including the heat treatment of logs in a water bath, the cutting into thin veneer sheets and the final high heat drying of veneer sheets are expected to be effective against some of the pests, without uncertainties, making the system approach fully effective. The panel considers that no insects would survive cutting of logs into thin veneer sheets of 0.7 mm and that Xylella fastidiosa will not survive the temperatures in the water bath and final drying of veneers. The degree of pest freedom for the different groups of organisms is generally very high with slightly lower degree of pest freedom for veneer sheets of 6 mm thickness because of lower temperatures reached in the final drying of veneer sheets compared to thinner sheets. P. ramorum is not expected to survive the high heat drying of thin veneer sheets, but it may survive the lower temperatures inside thicker veneer sheets. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation (EKE) indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9989 and 10,000 veneer sheets (thickness 6 mm) per 10,000 will be free from living P. ramorum. For D. virescens, the EKE indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9984 and 10,000 veneer sheets (0.7 mm) per 10,000 and that between 9954 and 10,000 veneer sheets (6 mm) per 10,000 will be free from living inoculum. For other relevant groups of pests, the greatest likelihood of pest presence was observed for wood decay fungi. The EKE indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9967 and 10,000 veneer sheets (0.7 mm) per 10,000 and that between 9911 and 10,000 veneer sheets (6 mm) per 10,000 will be free from living wood decay fungi.
"},{"pid":"wsl:35896","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:35896","citation":{"WSL":"Franić I., Cleary M., Aday Kaya A.G., Bragança H., Brodal G., Cech T.L., … Perez-Sierra A. (2024) The biosecurity risks of international forest tree seed movements. Curr. Forestry Rep. 10, 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00211-3"},"doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00211-3","abstract":"Purpose of review: Because tree seeds have been considered a low-risk pathway for the spread of plant pathogenic fungi, their international movement is not subject to strict phytosanitary regulation. However, recent studies have provided scientific evidence that the biosecurity risk of seed trade may not be as negligible as assumed. This review summarises current knowledge about seed trade activity across the world and seed-borne plant pathogenic fungi and highlights knowledge gaps that need to be filled to mitigate the risk of spreading tree pathogens via seeds.
Recent findings: Several outbreaks of severe tree diseases in natural forests and plantations worldwide have been linked to fungal pathogens spread by seed trade. Indeed, recent studies based on modern sequencing technologies have shown that tree seeds harbour highly diverse fungal communities, including well-known pathogens and fungal taxa belonging to unknown species. While it has become clear that even apparently healthy seeds can carry potentially pathogenic fungi, the likelihood of seed-borne pathogens being introduced and becoming established, spreading and causing impact in the new environment is still unclear which challenges the assessment of the phytosanitary risk posed by seed trade.
Summary: Our analyses show that large amounts of tree seeds have been traded among countries and continents. Based on published literature, the risk of spreading pathogenic fungi via tree seed movement is high. However, the role of the taxonomically and functionally diverse fungal communities associated with seeds is still poorly understood. In particular, more research is needed to assess the likelihood of seed-borne fungi being transmitted to the seedlings and spreading and causing impact in the new environment."},{"pid":"wsl:37319","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:37319","citation":{"WSL":"Heinzelmann R., Baggenstos H., Rudolf A. (2024) Is the bioluminescence in many Mycena species overlooked? - A case study from M. crocata in Switzerland. Mycoscience. 65(4), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2024.03.001"},"doi":"10.47371/mycosci.2024.03.001","abstract":"Fungal bioluminescence is mystifying humans since ancient times. Nevertheless, the biosynthetic pathway behind this phenomenon was only very recently resolved. Fungal bioluminescence occurs in five distantly related linages (Omphalotaceae lineage, Armillaria lineage, mycenoid lineage, Lucentipes lineage and Eoscyphella lineage) of the basidiomycete order Agaricales. Recent research suggests fungal bioluminescence has emerged 160 million years ago in the most common ancestor of the mycenoid and marasmioid clade and is maintained since then. Surprisingly, in the mycenoid linage, primarily represented by the genus Mycena, most species are considered non-luminescent, implying that many mycenoid species have lost their bioluminescent ability. Here, we report evidence for bioluminescence in Mycena crocata and show that the genome of this species is fully equipped with the genes associated with fungal bioluminescence. Mycena crocata is a long-known species frequently reported from Europe and Japan, which was considered non-luminescent until now. The low light emission intensity and the restriction of the luminescence to the vegetative mycelium and the base of the basidiome may be reasons why bioluminescence was not perceived earlier. We assume there might be other known Mycena species whose luminescent properties are not yet discovered, and that therefore the number of bioluminescent Mycena species is currently underestimated."},{"pid":"wsl:36743","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:36743","citation":{"WSL":"Ribeiro-Correia J.P., Prospero S., Beenken L., Biedermann P.H.W., Blaser S., Branco M., … Brockerhoff E.G. (2024) Distribution of the invasive ambrosia beetle Anisandrus maiche (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) in Switzerland and first record in Europe of its ambrosia fungus Ambrosiella cleistominuta. Alp. Entomol. 8, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.8.117537"},"doi":"10.3897/alpento.8.117537","abstract":"Ambrosia beetles are highly successful as invaders because they are often transported internationally with wood packaging and other wood products and because their inbreeding mating systems facilitates establishment of invading populations. In 2022, two independent insect surveys in canton Ticino (southern Switzerland) revealed the widespread occurrence of the invasive ambrosia beetle Anisandrus maiche (Kurentzov, 1941) from southern to central-upper Ticino. This species is native to east Asia and has previously been found as a non-native invasive species in the United States, Canada, western Russia, Ukraine and, in 2021, in northern Italy. Here, we present the results of several trapping studies using different trap types (bottle traps, funnel traps and Polytrap intercept traps) and attractants and a map of the distribution of the species. In total, 715 specimens of A. maiche, all female, were trapped, and the identity of selected individuals was confirmed by morphological and molecular identification based on three mitochondrial and nuclear markers (COI, 28S and CAD). Trap samples from early April to early September 2022 in intervals of two to four weeks showed that flights of A. maiche occurred mainly from June to mid-August. Isolation of fungal associates of A. maiche from beetles trapped alive revealed the presence of four fungal species, including the ambrosia fungus Ambrosiella cleistominuta, the known mutualist of A. maiche. The identity of A. cleistominuta was confirmed by comparing DNA sequences of its nuclear, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene with reference sequences in NCBI and BOLDSYSTEMS. This represents the first record of A. cleistominuta in Europe. Of the other fungal associates isolated from A. maiche in Ticino, Fusarium lateritium is of note as there is a possibility that A. maiche could act as a vector of this plant pathogen. We highlight several research needs that should be addressed to gain insight into the potential impact of these non-native species and to overcome problems with heteroplasmy in COI sequences in studies of invasion and population genetics of ambrosia beetles."},{"pid":"wsl:36186","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:36186","citation":{"WSL":"Schoebel C.N., Prospero S., Rigling D., Ruffner B. (2024) Fishing for Phytophthora in watercourses of the highly urbanized Swiss Plateau. Mycol. Prog. 23(1), 17 (10 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-024-01951-7"},"doi":"10.1007/s11557-024-01951-7","abstract":"Phytophthora species are a cause for concern due to their invasive potential and the damage they can cause in agriculture, forestry, and natural ecosystems worldwide. Since water plays a crucial role in their dispersal, stream and river baiting is commonly used to survey risk areas for the presence of quarantine Phytophthora species. However, our understanding of the distribution and diversity of Phytophthora species in European watercourses remains incomplete. This study investigated the presence and diversity of Phytophthora species in Swiss watercourses, with a focus on the highly urbanized Swiss Plateau. Over the period 2012–2016, we sampled 32 watercourses, including major rivers and smaller streams. We isolated Phytophthora on selective media and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer region to identify the species. We recovered 241 Phytophthora isolates, representing 11 species from five major clades. Phytophthora clade 6 prevailed, with P. lacustris being the most common, found in 94.7% of the watercourses. The number of Phytophthora species per watercourse ranged from one to five, with no correlation to watercourse complexity. Our study reveals the presence of six previously unreported species in Switzerland, while known invasive species were not found. Watercourses appear less suited to detect invasive pathogenic Phytophthora species with a still limited distribution in the environment."},{"pid":"wsl:36054","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:36054","citation":{"WSL":"Shamsi W., Heinzelmann R., Ulrich S., Kondo H., Cornejo C. (2024) Decoding the RNA virome of the tree parasite Armillaria provides new insights into the viral community of soil‐borne fungi. Environ. Microbiol. 26(2), e16583 (23 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.16583"},"doi":"10.1111/1462-2920.16583","abstract":"The globally distributed basidiomycete genus Armillaria includes wood decomposers that can act as opportunistic parasites, causing deadly root rot on woody plants. To test whether RNA viruses are involved in this opportunistic behaviour, a large isolate collection of five Armillaria species collected over 40 years in Switzerland from trees, dead wood and soil was analysed. De novo assembly of RNA-Seq data revealed 21 viruses, 14 of which belong to putative new species. Two dsRNA viruses and an unclassified Tymovirales are formally described for the first time for Armillaria. One mitovirus occurred with a high prevalence of 71.1%, while all other viruses were much less prevalent (0.6%–16.9%). About half of all viruses were found only in one fungal species, others occurred in 2–6 fungal species. Co-infections of 2–7 viruses per isolate were not uncommon (34.9%), and most viruses persisted circulating within fungal populations for decades. Some viruses were related to viruses associated with other Armillaria species, supporting the hypothesis that virus transmission can occur between different fungal species. Although no specific correlation between viruses and the fungal trophic strategy was found, this study opens new insights into viral diversity hidden in the soil microbiome."},{"pid":"wsl:35754","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:35754","citation":{"WSL":"Shamsi W., Mittelstrass J., Ulrich S., Kondo H., Rigling D., Prospero S. (2024) Possible biological control of ash dieback using the mycoparasite Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mitovirus 2. Phytopathology. 114(5), 1020-1027. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-23-0346-KC"},"doi":"10.1094/PHYTO-09-23-0346-KC","abstract":"Invasive fungal diseases represent a major threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. As the application of fungicides is often unfeasible and not a sustainable solution, only a few other control options are available, including biological control. In this context, the use of parasitic mycoviruses as biocontrol agents of fungal pathogens has recently gained particular attention. Since the 1990s, the Asian fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been causing lethal ash dieback across Europe. In the present study, we investigated the biocontrol potential of the mitovirus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mitovirus 2 (HfMV2) previously identified in Japanese populations of the pathogen. HfMV2 could be successfully introduced via co-culturing into 16 out of 105 HfMV2-free isolates. Infection with HfMV2 had contrasting effects on fungal growth in vitro, from cryptic to detrimental or beneficial. Virus-infected H. fraxineus isolates whose growth was reduced by HfMV2 showed overall a lower virulence on ash (Fraxinus excelsior) saplings as compared to their isogenic HfMV2-free lines. The results suggest that mycoviruses exist in the native populations of H. fraxineus in Asia that have the potential for biological control of ash dieback in Europe."},{"pid":"wsl:32842","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:32842","citation":{"WSL":"Beenken L., Brännhage J., Ruffner B. (2023) First record of Sawadaea polyfida causing powdery mildew on Acer palmatum and A. japonicum in Switzerland and Europe. New Dis. Rep. 47(1), e12161 (3 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12161"},"doi":"10.1002/ndr2.12161","abstract":""},{"pid":"wsl:35449","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:35449","citation":{"WSL":"Blaser S., Ruffner B., Mittelstrass J., Dubach V., Queloz V. (2023) First detection of invasive Douglas fir needle midges from the genus Contarinia Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Switzerland. BioInvasions Rec. 12(4), 951-964. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2023.12.4.08"},"doi":"10.3391/bir.2023.12.4.08","abstract":"Since 2015, North American Douglas fir needle midges of the genus Contarinia Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) are known to spread across Europe. In 2022, these gall-inducing insects were detected for the first time in Switzerland, where their morphological identification was confirmed by DNA barcoding. Conducting a visual monitoring of Douglas fir stands in northern Switzerland, the current distribution range was delimitated and revealed the presence of Douglas fir needle midges in forest areas close to the borders of France and Germany, where their establishment has been reported earlier. Genetic analyses of five representative populations further proved the presence of two different mitochondrial haplotypes, of which one was only found in the westernmost population, indicating faint population structuring. When assessing co-occurrence of Douglas fir needle midges with other pests and pathogens originating from North America, Douglas fir stands were often found to be infested also by the insect Adelges cooleyi (Gillette) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and the fungus Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Videira, C. Nakashima, U. Braun, Crous (Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae). The observed abundance of the newly established midges within the invaded area and their co-occurrence with other introduced pests and pathogens are an indication of the increasing biotic stress level on Douglas fir, which should be taken into account when considering Douglas fir as a potential future tree species for European forests."},{"pid":"wsl:33608","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:33608","citation":{"WSL":"Branco S., Douma J.C., Brockerhoff E.G., Gomez-Gallego M., Marcais B., Prospero S., … Branco M. (2023) Eradication programs against non-native pests and pathogens of woody plants in Europe: which factors influence their success or failure? NeoBiota. 84, 281-317. https://doi.org/10.3897/NEOBIOTA.84.95687"},"doi":"10.3897/NEOBIOTA.84.95687","abstract":"When a non-native species succeeds in establishing in a new habitat, one of the possible responses is to attempt its eradication. In the present study, we analysed European eradication programmes against non-native pests and pathogens of woody plants (PPWP) from 1945 to date. Our main goal was to identify which factors affect the success of an eradication programme, reinforcing guidelines for future eradication of PPWP. Data on eradication campaigns were obtained from online databases, scientific and grey literature, and Plant Protection Organizations’ reports. Factors influencing eradication success for both arthropods and pathogens were analysed with LASSO regression and decision tree learning.
A total of 848 cases officially declared as eradication attempts were documented in our database (8-fold higher than previous reports). Both the number of programmes and their rate of success increased sharply over the last two decades. Only less than 10% of the non-native organisms affecting woody plants were targeted for attempted eradication despite the high economic and ecological impacts caused by some species for which no efforts were undertaken. Almost one-third of the officially declared cases of eradication concerned organisms that were still restricted to the material with which they were introduced. For these cases the success rate was 100%. The success rate of established species was only 50% for arthropods and 61% for pathogens. The spatial extent of the outbreak was the factor that most affected the outcome of eradication campaigns. The eradication success decreased abruptly above 100 ha for arthropods and 10 ha for pathogens. Additionally, other variables were shown to influence the outcome of eradication programmes, in particular the type of environment, with the highest eradication success rate found in nurseries and glasshouses, with successful outcomes increasing if quarantine measures were applied and when monitoring included asymptomatic plants. Particular species traits may reduce eradication success: parthenogenetic arthropods, saprotrophic pathogens, wind dispersal, the possibility to remain asymptomatic indefinitely, and the existence of resting spores or stages.
In conclusion, small affected areas, quick response, and efficient implementation of quarantine restrictions, together with particular species traits, may allow a high probability of eradication success. Preparedness at the country and European level would allow a larger number of target species to be included in future eradication programmes."},{"pid":"wsl:34990","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:34990","citation":{"WSL":"Cornejo C., Otani T., Suzuki N., Beenken L. (2023) Cryphonectria carpinicola discovered in Japan: first report of the sexual state on Carpinus tree. Mycoscience. 64(5), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2023.07.001"},"doi":"10.47371/mycosci.2023.07.001","abstract":"Cryphonectria carpinicola is an ascomycetous fungus that has been regularly found in its asexual form on European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) in Europe over the past two decades. Here we describe the discovery of C. carpinicola in Japan and report for the first time its sexual state on Carpinus species. No symptomatic trees were observed, but stromata were found saprotrophically on broken branches of Carpinus species on the forest floor. The sexual structures of C. carpinicola resembled that of other Cryphonectria species and strongly resembled those of the closely related species C. radicalis. A phylogenetic tree based on the internal transcribed spacer sequences showed monophyly for the Japanese and European isolates of C. carpinicola. Further studies on the distribution and host range of C. carpinicola in Japan and on the life history strategies of this fungus are needed."},{"pid":"wsl:31890","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:31890","citation":{"WSL":"Cornejo C., Risteski M., Sotirovski K., Rigling D. (2023) Long-term preserved mycelium establishes the presence of Cryphonectria carpinicola in the Balkans and of Cryphonectria radicalis in Bulgaria. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 165, 401-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02613-8"},"doi":"10.1007/s10658-022-02613-8","abstract":"Around the world, isolate collections in mycological institutes have long preserved valuable specimens and information for science. In the present study, we determine Cryphonectria-like taxonomic rarities in our 10–24 years old isolate collection from the Balkans to link preserved dry mycelium with DNA data. Using ITS sequences, we confirm for the first time the occurrence of Cryphonectria carpinicola on a Carpinus tree in the Balkans and extend the range of Cryphonectria radicalis found on Castanea sativa to Bulgaria. The oldest specimen examined dates from 1998 and molecularly confirms the first reported finding of Cryphonectria radicalis for North Macedonia."},{"pid":"wsl:33773","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:33773","citation":{"WSL":"EFSA Panel on Plant Health, Bragard C., Baptista P., Chatzivassiliou E., Di Serio F., Jaques Miret J.A., … Gonthier P. (2023) Commodity risk assessment of Acer palmatum plants from the UK. EFSA Journal. 21(7), e08075 (228 pp.). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8075"},"doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8075","abstract":"The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by plants of Acer palmatum imported from the United Kingdom (UK) as: (a) 1- to 2-year-old bare root plants for planting and (b) 1- to 7-year-old plants in pots, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the UK. All pests associated with the commodity were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. Six EU quarantine pests and four pests not regulated in the EU fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures implemented in the technical dossier from the UK were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For the selected pests an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Meloidogyne mali or M. fallax being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The expert knowledge elicitation indicated with 95% certainty that 9,792 or more plants in pots per 10,000 will be free from Meloidogyne mali or M. fallax."},{"pid":"wsl:33777","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:33777","citation":{"WSL":"EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard C., Baptista P., Chatzivassiliou E., Di Serio F., Miret J.A.J., … Gonthier P. (2023) Commodity risk assessment of Acer platanoides plants from the UK. EFSA Journal. 21(7), 8073 (268 pp.). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8073"},"doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8073","abstract":"The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by plants of Acer platanoides imported from the United Kingdom (UK) as: (a) 1- to 7-year-old bare root plants for planting, (b) 1- to 7-year-old plants in pots and (c) bundles of 1- to 2-year-old whips and seedlings, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the UK. All pests associated with the commodity were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. Six EU quarantine pests and four pests not regulated in the EU fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For the selected pests, the risk mitigation measures implemented in the technical dossier from the UK were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Meloidogyne mali or M. fallax being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated with 95% certainty that 9,792 or more plants in pots per 10,000 will be free from Meloidogyne mali or M. fallax."},{"pid":"wsl:33775","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:33775","citation":{"WSL":"EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard C., Baptista P., Chatzivassiliou E., Di Serio F., Miret J.A.J., … Gonthier P. (2023) Commodity risk assessment of Acer pseudoplatanus plants from the UK. EFSA Journal. 21(7), 8074 (271 pp.). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8074"},"doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8074","abstract":"The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by plants of Acer pseudoplatanus imported from the United Kingdom (UK) as: (a) 1- to 7-year-old bare root plants for planting, (b) 1- to 7-year-old plants in pots and (c) bundles of 1- to 2-year-old whips and seedlings, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the UK. All pests associated with the commodity were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. Six EU quarantine pests and four pests not regulated in the EU fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures implemented in the technical dossier from the UK were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For the selected pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Meloidogyne mali or M. fallax being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated with 95% certainty that 9,792 or more plants in pots per 10,000 will be free from Meloidogyne mali or M. fallax."}]

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