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Morphology

tree up to 25m

Ecology

hill and mountain zone, medium site

Chorology

widly cultivated

Xylem

Distinct rings, diffuse porous, vessels solitary and in groups, perforations simple and scalariform with mostly >10bars, intervessel pits opposite, earlywood vessel diameter 50 - 100µm, fibers thin to thick-walled, fibers with simple and bordered pits, parenchyma apotracheal diffuse and paratracheal, ray width 5-10 cells, all ray cells prostrate, ray height >1mm, rays enlarged at the ring boundaries, few ray cells with large prismatic crystals.

Xylem-Code

See annex

Phloem

Arched tangential layers of sclereids and parenchyma/sieve tube elements. Rays intensively sclerotised but interrupted by unlignified parenchyma cells. Much prismatic crystals.

Explanations

For explanations please see the Feature Characteristics.

© 2005 WSL - F. Schweingruber, W. Landolt, last update 18.11.2010

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