Is early browning in European forests a harbinger of tree death or simply a sign of temporary stress? In 2018, science could not answer this question. But one thing was clear: the frequency of extreme events, including droughts, had increased after the hot summer of 2003. Even though droughts had also occurred during the last century, they were not accompanied by such high temperatures as today. And
on top of climate warming, various manifestations of global change trigger a multitude of cascading processes in and around forests. Indeed, it’s complicated.