These are the trends Europe's agriculture will have to cope with

Climate change, environmental and animal welfare policies, ageing farmers: Europe's agriculture is facing enormous challenges, which vary diametrically depending on the region. Where will farming soon become unprofitable? Where are laws forcing them to change their practices? A study co-led by the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL has now investigated this for all of Europe.

Megatrends are upheavals that occur gradually but have a serious impact and affect many people. They are particularly significant in the agricultural sector, which provides people with food. Whole swathes of land become depopulated when soils become too poor or too dry, or when there is a lack of young farmers. Resentment against intensive forms of production is growing in many places, environmental laws are being tightened. Climate change will inevitably impact agriculture.

In order to steer developments in a desirable direction, it is helpful to look into the future. A team of scientists working at WSL, Agroscope and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VUA) has applied the methods of foresighting, analysed four megatrends in European agriculture and presented them in the form of maps. The study was recently published in the journal Global Environmental Change. "Our work shows where the pressure to make decisions is greatest," says lead author Niels Debonne of the VUA, who was a WSL postdoc at the time of the study.

One of these major trends is the move away from industrial agriculture, which prioritizes the production of large quantities of cheap food (productivism), to one that that produces healthy food, protects the environment, animal welfare and the landscape. The study assessed the prevalence of mega-stables with more than 500 cows, 1500 pigs or 70,000 chickens as an indicator of productivism. These do not exist in Switzerland and Norway, where they are banned, and there are very few in Austria. "In Switzerland, rural areas are already valued for more than just the food and feed they produce," concludes Debonne. "The Factory Farming Initiative, on which we will vote on 25 September, will show whether the Swiss population wants to move even further away from productivism or not."

The three other megatrends are climate change, the ageing of the rural population and stricter environmental laws. They are changing the framework within which farmers must or can produce. "Megatrends build pressure," Debonne explains. The study shows in which direction this pressure tends to go: does it lead to the abandonment of agriculture in certain regions, as in Portugal, or does it force major conversions, as in Belgium or the Netherlands, because environmentally harmful practices are increasingly restricted? Does it stabilise existing practices, thus impeding changes - even desirable ones? The latter is the case in parts of Great Britain, for example.