Alois Zürcher

Das Programm «Langfristige Waldökosystem-Forschung» in der Schweiz liefert detaillierte Ergebnisse zu den Auswirkungen von Luftverschmutzung und Klimaänderung auf die Waldböden und Baumernährung. Seit den 1980er-Jahren sind die Emissionen von Schwefeldioxid und Stickoxiden in Mitteleuropa signifikant zurückgegangen. Diese Trends können auch für die Immissionen in der Schweiz bestätigt werden. Die Monitoringdaten zeigen, dass die Auswaschung von Sulfat aus dem Bodenprofil zurückgegangen ist. Auch die Stickstoffauswaschung nahm grösstenteils ab, jedoch nicht an Standorten mit weiterhin hohen Stickstoffeinträgen, wo sogar ansteigende Trends beobachtet wurden. Daher bleibt die Stickstoffbelastung trotz der insgesamt positiven Entwicklungen ein Problem. Ein weiterer kritischer Befund ist die fortschreitende Bodenversauerung, die sich in abnehmenden pH-Werten und niedrigen Verhältnissen von basischen Kationen zu Aluminium zeigt. Die Böden puffern die sauren Depositionen durch die Auswaschung von Nährstoffen und die Freisetzung von Aluminium. Diese Veränderungen in der Bodenlösungschemie können lange anhalten und die Nährstoffverfügbarkeit für die Bäume beeinträchtigen. Dies ist einer der Faktoren, die zu einem signifikanten Rückgang wichtiger Nährstoffe wie Stickstoff, Phosphor und Schwefel in den Blättern geführt haben. Dies weist auf eine Verschlechterung der Baumernährung hin. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass trotz des Rückgangs saurer Depositionen die langfristigen Auswirkungen auf die Waldböden und die Baumernährung bestehen bleiben, was sich auf die Gesundheit und Vitalität der Schweizer Wälder auswirken kann.

Trends in atmospheric deposition and effects on soil water quality and tree nutrition
Long-term forest ecosystem research (LWF) in Switzerland provides detailed results on the impacts of air pollution and climate change on forest soils and tree nutrition. Since the 1980s, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions have significantly decreased in Central Europe. These trends can also be confirmed for emissions in Switzerland. Monitoring data show that sulphate leaching from the soil profile has decreased. Nitrogen leaching has also mostly declined, but not at sites with persistently high nitrogen inputs, where even increasing trends have been observed. Therefore, nitrogen deposition remains a problem despite the overall positive developments. Another critical finding is the ongoing soil acidification, reflected in decreasing pH values and low ratios of base cations to aluminium. The soils buffer the acidic deposition through nutrient leaching and aluminium release. These changes in soil solution chemistry can persist for a long time and impair nutrient availability for trees. This is one of the factors contributing to a significant decline in key nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur in the leaves. In summary, the results show that despite the reduction in acidic deposition, the long-term impacts on forest soils and tree nutrition persist, potentially affecting the health and vitality of Swiss forests.

The link between above- and belowground communities is a key uncertainty in drought and rewetting effects on forest carbon (C) cycle.
In young beech model ecosystems and mature naturally dry pine forest exposed to 15-yr-long irrigation, we performed ¹³C pulse labeling experiments, one during drought and one 2 wk after rewetting, tracing tree assimilates into rhizosphere communities.
The ¹³C pulses applied in tree crowns reached soil microbial communities of the young and mature forests one and 4 d later, respectively. Drought decreased the transfer of labeled assimilates relative to the irrigation treatment. The ¹³C label in phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) indicated greater drought reduction of assimilate incorporation by fungi (−85%) than by gram-positive (−43%) and gram-negative bacteria (−58%).
¹³C label incorporation was more strongly reduced for PLFAs (cell membrane) than for microbial cytoplasm extracted by chloroform. This suggests that fresh rhizodeposits are predominantly used for osmoregulation or storage under drought, at the expense of new cell formation. Two weeks after rewetting, ¹³C enrichment in PLFAs was greater in previously dry than in continuously moist soils. Drought and rewetting effects were greater in beech systems than in pine forest.
Belowground C allocation and rhizosphere communities are highly resilient to drought.

Background and aims Tree species worldwide suffer from extended periods of water limitation. These conditions not only affect the growth and vitality of trees but also feed back on the cycling of carbon (C) at the plant-soil interface. However, the impact of progressing water loss from soils on the transfer of assimilated C belowground remains unresolved.
Methods Using mesocosms, we assessed how increasing levels of water deficit affect the growth of Pinus sylvestris saplings and performed a ¹³C-CO₂ pulse labelling experiment to trace the pathway of assimilated C into needles, fine roots, soil pore CO_2, and phospholipid fatty acids of soil microbial groups.
Results With increasing water limitation, trees partitioned more biomass belowground at the expense of aboveground growth. Moderate levels of water limitation barely affected the uptake of ¹³C label and the transit time of C from needles to the soil pore CO₂. Comparatively, more severe water limitation increased the fraction of ¹³C label that trees allocated to fine roots and soil fungi while a lower fraction of ¹³CO₂ was readily respired from the soil.
Conclusions When soil water becomes largely unavailable, C cycling within trees becomes slower, and a fraction of C allocated belowground may accumulate in fine roots or be transferred to the soil and associated microorganisms without being metabolically used.

Bewirtschaftung und Umweltbedingungen beeinflussen die Gestalt von Wäldern. Mit der Einrichtung eines Naturwaldreservats wurden am Bettlachstock im Kanton Solothurn die Weichen zur Entwickung in Richtung eines Naturwaldes gestellt. Im Waldreservat werden im Rahmen des «Monitoring Naturwaldreservate Schweiz» mit Stichprobeninventuren die natürlichen Prozesse der Waldentwicklung und in der «Langfristigen Waldökosystemforschung (LWF)» mit kontinuierlichen Messungen der Einfluss von Luftverschmutzung und Klimawandel auf den Wald erforscht. Beides sind langfristige Untersuchungen, die Methoden der Waldinventur und Erfassung des Waldzustandes verwenden. Das Reservat ist aufgrund der Standortsvielfalt reich an verschiedenen Baumarten. Diese widerspiegeln das natürliche Artenspektrum. Der hohe Anteil an Fichten zeigt jedoch, dass die frühere Bewirtschaftung diese bewusst gefördert hat. Die Luftbelastung und das Klima hatten und haben nachweislich einen Einfluss auf den Wald am Bettlachstock. Die Die Luftbelastung ist eher rückläufig und die Klimaveränderung eher zunehmend. Beide stehen aus heutiger Sicht grundsätzlich der Entwicklung zu einem naturnahen Wald an diesem Standort nicht im Wege. Eine Zunahme von trockenen Sommern ist zu erwarten und könnte die Standorteigenschaften verändern. In Teilen des Reservats könnte dies mittelfristig zu vermehrtem Absterben von Tannen und Fichten und in der Folge zu einer Zunahme des Totholzvolumens führen. Langfristig könnte dies Verschiebungen der Höhenstufen und in der Baumartenzusammensetzung hin zu mehr Laubbaumarten auslösen.

Above and belowground compartments in ecosystems are closely coupled on daily to annual timescales. In mature forests, this interlinkage and how it is impacted by drought is still poorly understood. Here, we pulse-labelled 100-year-old trees with ¹³CO₂ within a 15-year-long irrigation experiment in a naturally dry pine forest to quantify how drought regime affects the transfer and use of assimilates from trees to the rhizosphere and associated microbial communities. It took 4 days until new ¹³C-labelled assimilates were allocated to the rhizosphere. One year later, the ¹³C signal of the 3-h long pulse labelling was still detectable in stem and soil respiration, which provides evidence that parts of the assimilates are stored in trees before they are used for metabolic processes in the rhizosphere. Irrigation removing the natural water stress reduced the mean C residence time from canopy uptake until soil respiration from 89 to 40 days. Moreover, irrigation increased the amount of assimilates transferred to and respired in the soil within the first 10 days by 370%. A small precipitation event rewetting surface soils altered this pattern rapidly and reduced the effect size to +35%. Microbial biomass incorporated 46 ± 5% and 31 ± 7% of the C used in the rhizosphere in the dry control and irrigation treatment respectively. Mapping the spatial distribution of soil-respired ¹³CO₂ around the 10 pulse-labelled trees showed that tree rhizospheres extended laterally 2.8 times beyond tree canopies, implying that there is a strong overlap of the rhizosphere among adjacent trees. Irrigation increased the rhizosphere area by 60%, which gives evidence of a long-term acclimation of trees and their rhizosphere to the drought regime. The moisture-sensitive transfer and use of C in the rhizosphere has consequences for C allocation within trees, soil microbial communities and soil carbon storage.

Climatic warming will probably have particularly large impacts on carbon fluxes in high altitude and latitude ecosystems due to their great stocks of labile soil C and high temperature sensitivity. At the alpine treeline, we experimentally warmed undisturbed soils by 4 K for one growing season with heating cables at the soil surface and measured the response of net C uptake by plants, of soil respiration, and of leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Soil warming increased soil CO₂ effluxes instantaneously and throughout the whole vegetation period (+45%; +120 g C m y^-1). In contrast, DOC leaching showed a negligible response of a 5% increase (NS). Annual C uptake of new shoots was not significantly affected by elevated soil temperatures, with a 17, 12, and 14% increase for larch, pine, and dwarf shrubs, respectively, resulting in an overall increase in net C uptake by plants of 20-40 g C m^-2 y^-1. The Q₁₀ of 3.0 measured for soil respiration did not change compared to a 3-year period before the warming treatment started, suggesting little impact of warming-induced lower soil moisture (-15% relative decrease) or increased soil C losses. The fraction of recent plant-derived C in soil respired CO₂ from warmed soils was smaller than that from control soils (25 vs. 40% of total C respired), which implies that the warming-induced increase in soil CO₂ efflux resulted mainly from mineralization of older SOM rather than from stimulated root respiration. In summary, one season of 4 K soil warming, representative of hot years, led to C losses from the studied alpine treeline ecosystem by increasing SOM decomposition more than C gains through plant growth.