[{"pid":"wsl:15157","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15157","citation":{"WSL":"Biebach I., Keller L. (2017) Inzucht und ihre Bedeutung für den Naturschutz. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 15-22. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Populations of conservation concern are often small and isolated — properties that lead to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression, the negative consequences of inbreeding, include reduced fitness of individuals such as lower survival or fecundity, or reduced pathogen resistance. These may lead to reduced population growth rates. Inbreeding depression has been shown to be ubiquitous in natural populations. Thus, inbreeding depression is an additional threat in populations already endangered for other reasons. However, the threat of inbreeding still remains once a population has again increased in size and is no longer threatened demographically. Reintroduced Swiss Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) populations serve as an example for this phenomenon. Therefore, it is crucial to consider inbreeding in conservation applications to determine the conservation status of a population and to initiate timely management strategies to reduce inbreeding."},{"pid":"wsl:15159","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15159","citation":{"WSL":"Bolliger J., Gugerli F. (2017) Isoliert oder vernetzt? Auswirkungen der Landschaft auf den Genfluss. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 23-29. "},"doi":"","abstract":"The preservation or establishment of functional connectivity is a key goal of conservation management. Yet, spatially often rather confined habitat may not warrant dispersal and gene flow of individuals to allow for the intended long-term resilience and persistence of populations in human-dominated landscapes. Gene flow, as inferred from the relationships between individuals and populations, is a valuable measure to assess functional connectivity.
The power of gene flow to identify the effects of anthropogenic and natural landscape elements as barriers or corridors, so-called landscape genetics, is illustrated using various examples. Traffic infrastructure revealed surprisingly low effects on gene flow in amphibians. Large population sizes and possibly occasional successful highway crossing may counteract the barrier effects of highly frequented roads, expected to result in genetic differentiation as a consequence of random genetic drift. In turn, fragmentation effects were observed in roe deer due to fenced traffic infrastructure. The study of a potential barrier effect of natural landscape elements, such as a densely populated valley, unexpectedly identified movement of capercaillie between populations. Although the small local populations appeared fragmented, no lack of gene flow was observed.
These examples show that landscape genetics may contribute to important aspects of nature conservation to identify magnitude and direction of exchange between individuals or populations and to assess barrier or corridor effects of landscape elements. Hence, this approach may be applied in the evaluation of needs assessment and implementation success."},{"pid":"wsl:15161","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15161","citation":{"WSL":"Bühler C., Dubey S. (2017) Application de la génétique de la conservation dans les bureaux d’études en écologie. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 77-82. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Genetic analyses offer new perspectives and allow responding various questions relevant to conservation, e.g.: what is the kinship of individuals and their geographic origin? How far are they dispersing? Are they suffering from inbreeding? It is also possible to identify endemic species or subspecies, as well as invasive species and their hybrids with local species. Importantly, the analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) is opening new doors concerning wildlife monitoring, as it renders possible to detect the presence of species in water bodies, by a basic sampling of water. Here we illustrate these different possibilities and their limits with concrete studies about species determination and inventories, ecological processes, and genetic diversity, in various vertebrate species and in a butterfly species distributed throughout Switzerland."},{"pid":"wsl:15163","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15163","citation":{"WSL":"Cordillot F. (2017) Bedeutung der Naturschutzgenetik für den Bund. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 63-69. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Genetic methods are increasing in their relevance as practical tools in conservation. Also federal agencies are applying these methods, mainly in the implementation of the protection (management) of animal and plant populations, and for the identification of taxa that are difficult to morphologically distinguish when it comes to the surveillance (monitoring, implementation success) of biodiversity. Since 2012, the federal council has affirmed the importance of maintaining and promoting genetic diversity. To do so, the national action plan should particularly support the strategic aims of gene conservation units (forest trees, regional floras, wild relatives of cultivated crops) and measures for ex-situ preservation and translocations (plants, animals). In the course of implementing the “ecological infrastructure”, it may be important knowing to what degree landscape features affect gene flow among populations and their habitat use."},{"pid":"wsl:15165","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15165","citation":{"WSL":"Hartmann M., Sperisen C. (2017) Der Boden – eine wertvolle Ressource für die genetische Vielfalt. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 39-47. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Soils are essential for the functioning of all terrestrial ecosystems. They are complex and dynamic biological systems harbouring a vast diversity of organisms from all domains of life. Microorganisms in their immense variety – including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic microorganisms such as fungi and protists – make up most of this biodiversity and regulate virtually every biogeochemical cycle on Earth. In a time of global change and massive anthropogenic influences on the soil system, it becomes increasingly important to protect this resource. Conservation genetics aims at understanding origin and dynamics of biodiversity and the associated processes in order to preserve and protect this resource. Because of their inconspicuousness and the methodological limitations to study them in the environment, microorganisms have long been neglected to be included in the theories of conservation genetics. Here, we discuss how macro-ecological principles of conservation genetics can be applied to soil microorganisms in order to understand their community composition in the context of environmental change."},{"pid":"wsl:15167","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15167","citation":{"WSL":"Holderegger R. (2017) Genetik im Naturschutz: eine Übersicht. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 7-13. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Conservation genetics produces basic knowledge that forms part of the catalogue of arguments for nature conservation. But it is also used in case studies, in which answers to specific questions from conservation management are sought for, e.g. studies on implementation success. Applications of conservation genetics range from the determination of ecological processes such as connectivity or fragmentation, across species identification – e.g. the detection of species from water samples through environmental DNA and barcoding – to the determination of genetic fitness encompassing inbreeding, adaptation and adaptability. A new theme is genetic monitoring. Here, changes in the genetic diversity of populations and species are assessed across space and time. The present article provides an overview of the importance and the possibilities of conservation genetics in practical conservation management."},{"pid":"wsl:15169","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15169","citation":{"WSL":"Meier R., Stapfer A. (2017) Werkzeugkasten für genetische Methoden in der Biodiversitätsförderung. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 49-56. "},"doi":"","abstract":"In cooperation with the federal government and various Swiss cantons, a team of researchers and partners from the economy develop a “Toolkit Conservation Genetics”. Addressee is the community of conservation practitioners. The toolkit intends to make future efforts to conserve biodiversity more efficient and effective. The main components of the toolbox are transparent and tested workflows for collecting samples in the field and for the analysis and evaluation in the laboratory. Focusing on optimizing costs and on issues relevant to nature conservation should help to achieve the intended goal: To make the potential of genetic methods available and usable for everyday life in nature conservation and to establish conservation genetics in practice. The article describes the current status of the project, which will run until autumn 2018."},{"pid":"wsl:15171","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15171","citation":{"WSL":"Rellstab C., Fischer M.C., Csencsics D., Gugerli F., Holderegger R. (2017) Bedeutung der lokalen Anpassung in der Naturschutzgenetik. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 31-37. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Natural selection results in populations that are adapted to their local environment. The field of conservation genetics has so far mainly looked at neutral genetic variation that is not directly linked to local adaptation. However, it would be reasonable to know which populations are best adapted when it comes to conservation measures like re-introductions or translocations. Modern genetic methods that can describe a large part of or even the whole genome (genomics) enable the estimation of adaptive genetic variation and the identification of environmental factors and genes that play a major role in local adaptation. As a result, one can determine which individuals and populations are potentially best adapted to the environment at the investigated locations. Here, we present possible applications for integrating genomic approaches in conservation strategies that should help mitigating potentially detrimental effects of management practice on small, vulnerable populations of rare species."},{"pid":"wsl:15173","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15173","citation":{"WSL":"Schmidt B.R., Grünig C.R. (2017) Einsatz von eDNA im Amphibien-Monitoring. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 57-62. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Monitoring is an essential part of conservation biology because the results of monitoring programs inform management decisions and allow an assessment of the effectiveness of conservation action. Classical monitoring methods are based on direct observations of species or species groups in the field. However, these field studies can be very labour-intensive and there are many species which are hard to monitor due to their natural history. New methods were recently developed where the species are detected based on DNA present in the environment (eDNA). In the present article we give an overview of monitoring methods of aquatic organisms based on eDNA and discuss the advantages and limitations of these methods with a strong focus of monitoring amphibian species in ponds and wetlands."},{"pid":"wsl:15175","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15175","citation":{"WSL":"Thiel-Egenter C. (2017) Naturschutzgenetik aus Ökobürosicht – Chancen und Erfahrungen. In D. Csencsics & F. Gugerli (Eds.), WSL Berichte. Naturschutzgenetik. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 71-76. "},"doi":"","abstract":"Whether it be the functional spatial connectivity of wildlife corridors, early detection of aquatic alien species or the re-introduction of rare plant species, ecological consultancies are pushed to their limits when answering nature conservation issues using conventional methods. Here methods in conservation genetics open up new pathways, as a practical example of the connection of the Alcon blue in several cantons shows. However, there are constraints and problems in applying conservation genetic methods, such as high costs, long project duration, difficult interpretation of data and delicate practical implementation. Ecological consultancies must therefore collaborate with research institutes and foundations.In doing so, they take on an important role in practically conveying the results to the client. In today’s practical conservation, genetic methods using non-model species are mainly applied due to such alliances, which also make them affordable for clients."},{"pid":"wsl:15155","object_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:15155","citation":{"WSL":"Csencsics D., Gugerli F. (Eds.) (2017) Naturschutzgenetik. WSL Berichte: Vol. 60. Forum für Wissen 2017. Birmensdorf: Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft. 82 p. "},"doi":"","abstract":""}]

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